Direct and Indirect speech
Direct speech: refers to reproducing
another person exact word. We use quotation marks (" ")
Example of Direct Speech:
1. Jani said,
“I’m very busy.”
2. They said, “We
have bought a picture.”
3. He said, “I am
learning my lesson.”
4. Lisa says, “I
got the first prize.”
5. You said, “I
will come to help him.”
Indirect speech: refers to reproducing
the idea of another person’s
word.
word.
There are 3 kinds of indirect speech:
1. Imperative
(command/request)
2. Interrogative
(question)
3. Declarative
(statement)
Example:
1. Imperative (command / request)
Direct : Mrs. Rika said to Dina, "Don't worry about it."
Indirect: Mrs. Rika told Dina not to worry about it.
2. Interrogative (question)
Direct : Risa asked to Nico, "Are you a journalist?"
Indirect: Risa asked if / whether He was journalist.
3. Declarative (statement)
Direct : Mr. Dion said, "I worked hard yesterday."
Indirect: Mr. Dion said that he worked hard the day before.
In comand sentences, direct speech can changed to indirect speech with change "Said" to be "Ordered", "Told", and "Forbade".
Example:
1. Direct: Hamid said, "Open the door!"
Indirect: Hamid ordered to open the door.
2. Direct: Hamid said, "Dul, come here!"
Indirect: Hamid told Dul to come there.
3. Direct: Hamid said to Andi, "Do not disturb me!"
Indirect: Hamid forbade Andi to disturb him.
Time
change
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Expressions
of time if reported on a different day
|
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This (evening)
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›
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That (evening)
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Today
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›
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Yesterday
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These (days)
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›
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Those (days)
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Now
|
›
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Then
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(a week) ago
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›
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(a week) before
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Last weekend
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›
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The weekend
before last / the previous weekend
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Here
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›
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There
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Next (week)
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›
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The following (week)
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Tomorrow
|
›
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The next/following day
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Tense
change
|
Direct
speech
|
Indirect
speech
|
|
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Present simple
She said, "It's cold." |
›
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Past simple
She said it was cold. |
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Present continuous
She said, "I'm teaching English online." |
›
|
Past continuous
She said she was teaching English online. |
|
Present perfect simple
She said, "I've been on the web since 1999." |
›
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Past perfect simple
She said she had been on the web since 1999. |
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Present perfect continuous
She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years." |
›
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Past perfect continuous
She said she had been teaching English for seven years. |
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Past simple
She said, "I taught online yesterday." |
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Past perfect
She said she had taught online yesterday. |
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Past continuous
She said, "I was teaching earlier." |
›
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Past perfect continuous
She said she had been teaching earlier. |
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Past perfect
She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived." |
›
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Past perfect
She said the lesson had already started when he arrived. |
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Past perfect continuous
She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes." |
›
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Past perfect continuous
She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes. |
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